Polk accomplished this through the annexation of Texas in , the negotiation of the Oregon Treaty with Great Britain in , and the conclusion of the Mexican-American War in , which ended with the signing and ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in Accordingly, while the United States extended diplomatic recognition to Texas, it took no further action concerning annexation until , when President John Tyler restarted negotiations with the Republic of Texas.
His efforts culminated on April 12 in a Treaty of Annexation, an event that caused Mexico to sever diplomatic relations with United States. Tyler, however, lacked the votes in the Senate to ratify the treaty, and it was defeated by a wide margin in June. Shortly before he left office, Tyler tried again, this time through a joint resolution of both houses of Congress. With the support of President-elect Polk, Tyler managed to get the joint resolution passed on March 1, , and Texas was admitted into the United States on December Secretary of State reports that treaty agreements with Mexico prohibit the U.
Preston introduces a resolution for a tripartite treaty between the U. House of Representatives. Congress' lack of action on the proposal. Senate passes a proposed commerce treaty with the Republic of Texas. Austin settled along the Brazos River. The Americans soon outnumbered the resident Mexicans, and by the s attempts by the Mexican government to regulate these semi-autonomous American communities led to rebellion.
In March , in the midst of armed conflict with the Mexican government, Texas declared its independence from Mexico. The citizens of the independent Republic of Texas elected Sam Houston president but also endorsed the entrance of Texas into the Union. The likelihood of Texas joining the Union as a slave state delayed any formal action by the U. Congress for more than a decade. Meusebach became leader of the German immigration movement in Texas, and he led a wagon train of some settlers to the site of Fredericksburg in May Germans also migrated to the major cities, such as San Antonio and Galveston, and by there were more people of German birth or parentage in Texas than there were Mexican-Texans.
The estimated population of , at annexation grew to ,, including 58, slaves, in the first U. The southeast and eastern sections attracted immigrants from the Lower South, the principal slaveholding states. Major plantations developed in these areas. North Texas got more Upper Southerners and Midwesterners. These immigrants were mostly small farmers and few owned slaves.
Mexican-Texans had difficulty with Anglo immigrants. Mexican teamsters controlled the transportation of goods from the Gulf coast to San Antonio and could charge lower rates than their competition. A campaign of terror was launched by Anglo haulers, especially around Goliad, in an attempt to drive the Mexican-Texans out of business. Intervention by the U. Saw milling and grain milling became the major industries, employing 40 percent of the manufacturing workers.
Land disputes and the public-debt issue were settled with the Compromise of That sum was used to pay off the debt of the Republic. Personalities, especially Sam Houston, dominated elections during early statehood, but, for most Texans, politics were unimportant.
Voter turnouts were low in the s until the movement toward secession gained strength. Kingston's history was published in the — edition of the Texas Almanac, which marked Texas' sesquicentennial. Robert Plocheck, associate editor of the Texas Almanac, edited and expanded Mr. Kingston's history.
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