The legal module provides description capabilities for usage rights. Service Level. The service level module covers concepts used by service level agreements such as the specification of agreed conditions, guaranteed states and guaranteed actions for a service delivery.
Where can I find more information? The following references contain information which can be useful for teachers, students, and organizations: Projects. Some documentation on modeling services is available at Genssiz.
If you have any question please feel free to contact us at: Jorge Cardoso, jcardoso dei. International computer science series.
Addison-Wesley Cardoso, J. In: Enterprise Information Systems X. Volume Yassi Moghaddam. Related Posts No related posts. Leave a Comment - Cancel Reply Comments required.
Follow us on:. Homophones, Homographs, and Homonyms The same, but different. Ask the Editors 'Everyday' vs. What Is 'Semantic Bleaching'? How 'literally' can mean "figuratively". Literally How to use a word that literally drives some pe Is Singular 'They' a Better Choice? The awkward case of 'his or her'. Take the quiz. Our Favorite New Words How many do you know? Now we have to cover a few rules about how to express the term itself. Why do we have to set rules?
Capitalization where none is called for. Unconventional spelling. In order for modern electronic glossaries and dictionaries to work with Natural Language Processing engines, the following rules for entering the term itself should be followed.
Most nouns are pluralized by adding an —s to then end of a word. There are seven other pluralization rules that depend on what letter s the noun ends in. Examples: hero — heroes; potato — potatoes; volcano — volcanoes Irregular nouns follow none of these rules.
This rule excludes verbs ending in —ee. Verbs ending in —ee follow normal convention of adding —ing to the end. Irregular verbs, however, do not follow the rules for past and past participle conjugation. Verbs are irregular when their past tense and past participle forms are different from one another and those forms are not formed by adding -ed, -d, or -t to the base form.
Verbs are considered to be irregular when their past tense and past participle forms are different from one another and those forms are not formed by adding -ed, -d, or -t to the base form.
Here are a few irregular verbs. There are great resources to learn more about irregular verbs online. It allows your readers to see how terms interact with each other.
It allows Natural Language Processing Engines to relate terms together. It is the core in pattern-matching for harmonizing regulatory structures to each other. View Larger. They offer the ability to distinguish subtle relationships between two terms.
SKOS captures much of this similarity and makes it explicit, to enable data and technology sharing across diverse applications. If two concepts are an exact match, then the set of resources properly indexed against the first concept is identical to the set of resources properly indexed against the second.
Therefore, the two concepts may be interchanged in queries and subject-based indexes. Is inverse with itself. Is inverse of has-narrow-match. Is inverse of has-broad-match. No inverse relation can be inferred. The problem in the SKOS model is relationships are limited to a single term or a single phrase.
This model is great if you want to know that draft or chart is the same as map or not as broad as interpret. Basically, you are limited to three categories for practical purposes; broader, same, and narrower as shown in the diagram below. It should consider real world relationships such as one concept being a category for another concept, or one concept enforcing another concept, or even one concept including another concept as a part of it versus the parent being a category.
The illustration that follows re-examines the semantic relationships of the term map, shown above, using a more advanced set of semantic relationships. These relationships provide a much more robust understanding of connecting terms than a simple broader, same as, and narrower model can provide.
Advanced semantic relationships extend the model by adding linguistic and conceptual connections to each relationship. Synonyms are broader than exact matches, as they extend the relationship to facts or states of having correlation, interrelation, materiality, conformity, and pertinence between concept A and concept B.
And antonyms then have enough variability, incongruence, and disassociation to be their opposite. The antonym is the inverse of the synonym and vice versa. Included in the type of synonyms is metonymy, the semantic relationship that exists between two words or a word and an expression in which one of the words is metaphorically used in place of the other word or expression in particular contexts to convey the same meaning.
Included in the category of antonyms are complementary pairs, gradable pairs, and relational opposites [2]. Complementary pairs are antonyms in which the presence of one quality or state signifies the absence of the other and vice versa.
There are no intermediate states in complementary pairs. Gradable pairs are antonyms which allow for a natural, gradual transition between two poles. It is possible to be a little cold or very cold, etc. Relational opposites are antonyms which share the same semantic features, only the focus, or direction, is reversed. A spigot and a faucet are two defined words that are exact matches, or synonyms, of each other. However, language is messy, and the uses of language within compliance documents is even messier.
The major and minor relationships described in the SKOS model are limited to linguistic parents and their children or half children as a minor match might be thought of. By replacing the simple broader and narrower matches with more specific categorization, you can achieve structures like those employed by the Compliance Dictionary, as shown below.
By creating semantic relationships to your definitions , the reader will be able to understand how the term works with other terms. Read your definition and make sure that it agrees with the word and the sense you are trying to define.
Testing your definition on the format we wrote earlier. In math, the substitution principle refers to the useful practice of replacing instances of a variable with a different variable. For instance, if we were to use the substitution principle to examine covered entity , we would take the simple definition below:. Verbose, but it works. Got that out of the way. The scholars out there who talk about these things call all of these entries, collectively, terminological entries.
We are going to divide terminological entries into three types, from the least formal to the most formal; conversational entries , glossary entries , and custom dictionary entries. Why custom dictionary entries? But we can be editors of other dictionaries, custom dictionaries. Conversational definitions are those definitions wherein you write the definition into the normal discourse.
The term in question is deepfake. As you can see in the illustration below, the term deepfake was bracketed with quotes and then the definition immediately follows. Through what we see here, conversational definitions have two parts; the term and the definition , without formally introducing either one, and without any cataloging of the terms.
To write conversational entries, follow steps 1 through 3 of how to write definitions. Google takes conversational entries one step farther. It then shows a search result in a special featured snippet block at the top of the search results page.
This featured snippet block includes a summary of the answer, extracted from a webpage, plus a link to the page, the page title and URL as shown in the illustration below. How do those get there? When Google recognizes that a query asks a question, it programmatically detects pages that answer the user's question, and display a top result as a featured snippet in the search results Can you mark a page as a featured snippet so that Google can find it easier?
Sorry, Google programmatically determines that a page contains a likely answer to the user's question, and displays the result as a featured snippet.
You can, however, be the authoritative source for those definitions if you write your snippet as a definition! We wrote a page that we specifically designed to be a definition page for the term Unified Compliance. We then answered the question in the form of a conversational definition. Like all good definitions, we began with the category into which the term fit, followed by the differentiators for the term. We even put bullet points in front of each differentiator for emphasis.
The illustration above shows the page with the term and the definition called out. To write snippet entries, follow steps 1 through 3 of how to write definitions. There is a new methodology for technical authors who do not want to equivocate about what they meant when writing whatever technical document it is they are writing. The Unified Compliance team have developed a verb and noun tagging and definition selection tool, shown below.
The process is simple. When writing, the author tags the verbs and nouns they want to select definitions for, for that instance knowing that terms such as report can mean many things, even within the same sentence. Once the term has been tagged as either a verb or a noun, the system displays all of the definitions in the dictionary for that verb or that noun. Because the system is tied to an AI-based Natural Language Processing Engine, the system will automatically suggest the definition most used in the context of the sentence presented for tagging and matching.
Once the terms have been tagged and the definitions selected, the tagging is hidden to readers but exposed to computer systems. This can generate pop-ups showing the definition for the term as it was tagged by the author. Or, as is the case with each document the Unified Compliance team manages, the system can automatically create a glossary of verbs and nouns for the document in question.
Which, by the way, sometimes produces somewhat humorous results. One of our clients used the system to create a document written by multiple authors. The same term, only used six times in the document, had three different definitions selected. This is a great tool for technical documents, regulatory documents, etc. Each word is tagged. Each definition is assigned.
No doubt about what was meant. And the tagging and definitions follow the electronic format of that document forever. For more information on using this tool, please contact the Unified Compliance team. Dictionary entries have grown in complexity over the past several years due to the restraint of physical printing being removed.
Originally, as John Simpson pointed out several times in The Word Detective 22 , definitions had to be as concise as possible, owing to the need to conserve printed space. Computer storage space, even on mobile phones, has grown exponentially year after year. The only restrictions on space now are those of the screen on which the dictionary is being presented. Dictionaries will always have the first three categories of content, just like glossaries. However, given that electronic dictionaries are no longer constrained by printed size, many will have additional content that includes the various types of definitions.
Term or lemma — This is the term that will be defined. Lemma is the fancy word lexicographers give the term. Dictionaries always list their terms following strict capitalization rules. When pressed, the term will be spoken out loud to assist the reader in understanding how to vocalize the term. Other dictionaries will have a syllable breakdown of the term entry, such as the breakdown for dictionary [dik-shuh-ner-ee].
This was the original pronunciation helper. Preferred , nonstandard , and alternate spelling variants — Not many dictionaries, as of yet, contain these categories of data. Preferred terms are those terms normally found within a manual of style. The manual of style will list certain terms to use instead of other, like, terms. Nonstandard variants have entered the dictionary world as a part of analyzing various sets of corpora the documents you are using and drawing terms from and determining that the writers are using differing terms with the same definitions.
Acronym — Some dictionaries will place the acronym on a line below the term entry. Others will simply follow the term entry with the acronym in parentheses.
Designator and Definition — Dictionary definitions are more stringent than glossary definitions. A designator is needed because some terms have multiple definitions, such as the term report it is has multiple definitions for both noun and verb.
All dictionaries will list whether the definition that follows is a noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, or interjection. Custom dictionaries will take this concept farther and will list whether the definition fits any specific type of named entity we cover those later.
Attribution — Many online dictionaries, such as Wordnik and Compliance Dictionary will include definitions from multiple sources. Related forms — Any electronic dictionary that is built with the intention of working with Natural Language Processing Engines will also include all of the other forms that the term can take.
The most common being plurals and possessives for nouns and all of the various verb tenses. Dictionaries that also blend in a thesaurus, will add additional terms related to the primary term. As of this writing, only Compliance Dictionary lists advanced semantic relationships such as category of, part of, used to enforce, references, manages, used to create, etc. Examples of use — Examples of use are wonderful. Reverse lookup — These are terms that the scraping engine of the dictionary has found that use the primary term in their definition.
Visuals — Some of the newer online dictionaries, like Wordnik, will also have pictures and illustrations of the term listed with the definitions. They say a picture is worth a thousand words Not every dictionary will have every item.
To write custom dictionary entries, follow steps 1 through 6 of how to write definitions. What are Glossary Entries? Bibliography The Basics of Definitions Before we get into how to write a definition, you need to know a bit about definitions themselves, and how to spot good and bad definitions. Using Words You and Your Audience Know Ya know, this seems pretty obvious — almost so obvious it shouldn't be the first thing you read in a book about how to write definitions. As an example, here's a paper from a student I read the other day: "The dialectical interface between neo-obstructionists and anti-disestablishment GOPers is stuck in a morass of quibbling over pettifog.
The sentence, in plain English, reads as this: "The logical discussions between student protesters and Republican lawmakers resisting change is bogged down because of arguing over petty things.
One famous example, used in many word choice articles, is as follows: "Cree Indians were a monotonous culture until French and British settlers arrived. So, before we get started on a conversation about definitions, when picking your words, if you run across words you don't use often , ask yourself these basic questions: Can I spell the word correctly?
Here's a hint. Open your favorite word processor and make sure active spell checking is turned on. Then type the word. If it comes up with an underline, your dictionary doesn't recognize it. Most word processors will allow you to Control-Click or Right-Click the term and look up a spelling suggestion. What does this word mean? Second hint. Research the term online and find a consistent meaning.
If you can't readily find a definition for the term don't use it. Try looking up the definition of "dialectical interface" above. If you find a definition, email the team at info unifiedcompliance.
We'd love to see it and know where you found it. Will the people I'm communicating with know what this word means? Will they have the same understanding of the meaning that I do? Third hint. Ask a few people who might read your writing if they know what your term means. You'll be surprised at the varied answers. We did this once with government writers working on a cybersecurity manual. We asked for the definition of Cybersecurity.
Twelve people, thirteen answers - all different. One guy wrote two answers because he wasn't confident of either one of them. If you don't know what you are talking about, no one else will either. What Happens When We Communicate To understand what's happening when we communicate, we need to understand what a concept is, what a term is, and what an instance means.
A biscuit and cookies, or a scone and biscuits?
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